{"beaconO22":"1455", "info" : { "totalResultsLocal" : 71661, "totalResultsPC" : 17271357, "total" : 17343018, "first" : 1, "last" : 10 }, "highlights" : { "snippet" : [ "tests", "test" ], "title" : [ "test", "Test", "tests", "test’", "The test" ], "termsUnion" : [ "tests", "test", "Test", "test’", "The test" ], "subject" : [ "tests" ], "description" : [ "Test", "test", "tests" ] }, "docs" : [ { "context" : "L", "adaptor" : "Local Search Engine", "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/L/9942077993502001", "pnx" : { "display" : { "source" : [ "Alma" ], "type" : [ "journal" ], "language" : [ "eng" ], "title" : [ "Test (Madrid, Spain)" ], "format" : [ "1 online resource" ], "identifier" : [ "$$CLC$$V 2009252997;$$CISSN$$V1863-8260;$$COCLC$$V(OCoLC)62155677;$$CISSN$$V1133-0686" ], "creationdate" : [ "1992" ], "publisher" : [ "Berlin : Springer", "Began with: Vol. 1, no. 1 (Dec. 1992)." ], "description" : [ "Refereed/Peer-reviewed", "\"An official journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research.\"" ], "mms" : [ "9942077993502001" ], "contributor" : [ "Sociedad Española de Estadística y de Investigación Operativa, issuing body.$$QSociedad Española de Estadística y de Investigación Operativa" ], "frequency" : [ "Quarterly, 2012-" ], "genre" : [ "Périodiques", "Periodicals" ], "relation" : [ "$$Cearlier_title$$VTrabajos de Estadistica$$QTrabajos de Estadistica" ], "unititle" : [ "Test (Madrid, Spain)" ], "place" : [ "Berlin :" ], "version" : [ "1" ], "subject" : [ "Statistics -- Periodicals$$QStatistics -- Periodicals$$QStatistics -- Periodicals$$QStatistics -- Periodicals -- Periodicals", "Probabilities -- Periodicals$$QProbabilities -- Periodicals$$QProbabilities -- Periodicals$$QProbabilities -- Periodicals -- Periodicals", "Statistiques -- Périodiques$$QStatistiques -- Périodiques$$QStatistiques -- Périodiques$$QStatistiques -- Périodiques -- Périodiques", "Recherche opérationnelle -- Périodiques$$QRecherche opérationnelle -- Périodiques$$QRecherche opérationnelle -- Périodiques$$QRecherche opérationnelle -- Périodiques -- Périodiques", "Probabilities", "Statistics", "textiel (x)", "Leerproblemen" ] }, "control" : { "sourcerecordid" : [ "9942077993502001" ], "recordid" : [ "alma9942077993502001" ], "sourceid" : "alma", "originalsourceid" : [ "954928620284" ], "sourcesystem" : [ "CKB" ], "sourceformat" : [ "MARC21" ], "score" : [ 0.78576415 ], "isDedup" : false }, "addata" : { "originatingSystemIDContributor" : [ "no93039193" ], "addau" : [ "Sociedad Española de Estadística y de Investigación Operativa, issuing body." ], "stitle" : [ "Test (Berl., Springer, Internet)" ], "date" : [ "1992" ], "issn" : [ "1863-8260", "1133-0686" ], "cop" : [ "Berlin" ], "pub" : [ "Springer" ], "oclcid" : [ "(ocolc)62155677" ], "lccn" : [ "2009252997" ], "format" : [ "journal" ], "genre" : [ "journal" ], "ristype" : [ "JOUR" ], "jtitle" : [ "Test (Madrid, Spain)" ], "peerreview" : [ "true" ] }, "sort" : { "title" : [ "Test (Madrid, Spain)" ], "author" : [ "Sociedad Española de Estadística y de Investigación Operativa, issuing body." ], "creationdate" : [ "1992" ] }, "facets" : { "frbrtype" : [ "6" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "9001253496690926692" ] } } }, { "context" : "L", "adaptor" : "Local Search Engine", "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/L/9942760145302001", "pnx" : { "display" : { "source" : [ "Alma" ], "type" : [ "book" ], "language" : [ "eng" ], "title" : [ "Test " ], "format" : [ "1 online resource (125 p.)" ], "identifier" : [ "$$CISBN$$V9781613120026;$$CISBN$$V1613120028;$$CISBN$$V9780810989894;$$CISBN$$V0810989891" ], "creationdate" : [ "2008" ], "creator" : [ "Sleator, William, author.$$QSleator, William" ], "publisher" : [ "New York, New York : Amulet Books" ], "description" : [ "Description based upon print version of record.", " Now in paperback!   Pass, and have it made. Fail, and suffer the consequences. A master of teen thrillers tests readers' courage in an edge-of-your-seat novel that echoes the fears of exam-takers everywhere.   Ann, a teenage girl living in the security-obsessed, elitist United States of the very near future, is threatened on her way home from school by a mysterious man on a black motorcycle. Soon she and a new friend are caught up in a vast conspiracy of greed involving the mega-wealthy owner of a school testing company. Students who pass his test have it made; those who don't, disappear . . . or worse. Will Ann be next?   For all those who suspect standardized tests are an evil conspiracy, here's a thriller that really satisfies!   Praise for Test   \"Fast-paced with short chapters that end in cliff-hangers . . . good read for moderately reluctant readers. Teens will be able to draw comparisons to contemporary society's shift toward standardized testing and ecological concerns, and are sure to appreciate the spoofs on NCLB.+? --School Library Journal   \"Part mystery, part action thriller, part romance . . . environmental and political overtones . . . fast pace and unique blend of genres holds attraction for younger teen readers.+? --Booklist " ], "mms" : [ "9942760145302001" ], "genre" : [ "Fiction" ], "place" : [ "New York, New York :" ], "version" : [ "1" ], "subject" : [ "Educational tests and measurements", "Educational tests and measurements -- Fiction$$QEducational tests and measurements -- Fiction$$QEducational tests and measurements -- Fiction$$QEducational tests and measurements -- Fiction -- Fiction", "Education -- Fiction$$QEducation -- Fiction$$QEducation -- Fiction$$QEducation -- Fiction -- Fiction", "Political corruption -- Fiction$$QPolitical corruption -- Fiction$$QPolitical corruption -- Fiction$$QPolitical corruption -- Fiction -- Fiction" ] }, "control" : { "sourcerecordid" : [ "9942760145302001" ], "recordid" : [ "alma9942760145302001" ], "sourceid" : "alma", "originalsourceid" : [ "(CKB)3710000000572611" ], "sourcesystem" : [ "PERLEGO" ], "sourceformat" : [ "MARC21" ], "score" : [ 0.522494275 ], "isDedup" : false }, "addata" : { "originatingSystemIDAuthor" : [ "n50012559" ], "aulast" : [ "Sleator" ], "aufirst" : [ "William" ], "auinit" : [ "W" ], "au" : [ "Sleator, William" ], "creatorfull" : [ "$$NSleator, William$$LSleator$$FWilliam$$Rauthor" ], "date" : [ "2008 - 2008", "2008" ], "isbn" : [ "9781613120026", "1613120028", "9780810989894", "0810989891" ], "abstract" : [ "Now in paperback!   Pass, and have it made. Fail, and suffer the consequences. A master of teen thrillers tests readers' courage in an edge-of-your-seat novel that echoes the fears of exam-takers everywhere.   Ann, a teenage girl living in the security-obsessed, elitist United States of the very near future, is threatened on her way home from school by a mysterious man on a black motorcycle. Soon she and a new friend are caught up in a vast conspiracy of greed involving the mega-wealthy owner of a school testing company. Students who pass his test have it made; those who don't, disappear . . . or worse. Will Ann be next?   For all those who suspect standardized tests are an evil conspiracy, here's a thriller that really satisfies!   Praise for Test   \"Fast-paced with short chapters that end in cliff-hangers . . . good read for moderately reluctant readers. Teens will be able to draw comparisons to contemporary society's shift toward standardized testing and ecological concerns, and are sure to appreciate the spoofs on NCLB.+? --School Library Journal   \"Part mystery, part action thriller, part romance . . . environmental and political overtones . . . fast pace and unique blend of genres holds attraction for younger teen readers.+? --Booklist" ], "cop" : [ "New York, New York" ], "pub" : [ "Amulet Books" ], "oclcid" : [ "(ckb)3710000000572611", "(ebl)4011540", "(ssid)ssj1629413", "(pqkbmanifestationid)16369294", "(pqkbtitlecode)tc1629413", "(pqkbworkid)14937789", "(pqkb)10266176", "(miaapq)ebc4011540", "(perlego)1292998", "(bip)39346349", "(bip)27543392" ], "format" : [ "book" ], "genre" : [ "book" ], "ristype" : [ "BOOK" ], "btitle" : [ "Test" ] }, "sort" : { "title" : [ "Test /" ], "author" : [ "Sleator, William, author." ], "creationdate" : [ "2008" ] }, "facets" : { "frbrtype" : [ "6" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "9064072289000318191" ] } } }, { "context" : "L", "adaptor" : "Local Search Engine", "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/L/9941444395902001", "pnx" : { "display" : { "source" : [ "Alma" ], "type" : [ "journal" ], "language" : [ "eng" ], "title" : [ "test" ], "creationdate" : [ "2013" ], "mms" : [ "9941444395902001" ], "version" : [ "1" ] }, "control" : { "sourcerecordid" : [ "9941444395902001" ], "recordid" : [ "alma9941444395902001" ], "sourceid" : "alma", "sourceformat" : [ "MARC21" ], "score" : [ 0.26123215 ], "isDedup" : false }, "addata" : { "date" : [ "2013" ], "format" : [ "journal" ], "genre" : [ "journal" ], "ristype" : [ "JOUR" ], "jtitle" : [ "test" ] }, "sort" : { "title" : [ "test" ], "creationdate" : [ "2013" ] }, "facets" : { "frbrtype" : [ "6" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "9034463032615249138" ] } } }, { "context" : "L", "adaptor" : "Local Search Engine", "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/L/9941444395802001", "pnx" : { "display" : { "source" : [ "Alma" ], "type" : [ "journal" ], "language" : [ "eng" ], "title" : [ "test" ], "creationdate" : [ "2013" ], "mms" : [ "9941444395802001" ], "version" : [ "1" ] }, "control" : { "sourcerecordid" : [ "9941444395802001" ], "recordid" : [ "alma9941444395802001" ], "sourceid" : "alma", "sourceformat" : [ "MARC21" ], "score" : [ 0.26123215 ], "isDedup" : false }, "addata" : { "date" : [ "2013" ], "format" : [ "journal" ], "genre" : [ "journal" ], "ristype" : [ "JOUR" ], "jtitle" : [ "test" ] }, "sort" : { "title" : [ "test" ], "creationdate" : [ "2013" ] }, "facets" : { "frbrtype" : [ "6" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "9033317868372200497" ] } } }, { "context" : "L", "adaptor" : "Local Search Engine", "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/L/9941444395702001", "pnx" : { "display" : { "source" : [ "Alma" ], "type" : [ "book" ], "language" : [ "eng" ], "title" : [ "Test" ], "creationdate" : [ "2013" ], "mms" : [ "9941444395702001" ], "version" : [ "1" ] }, "control" : { "sourcerecordid" : [ "9941444395702001" ], "recordid" : [ "alma9941444395702001" ], "sourceid" : "alma", "sourceformat" : [ "MARC21" ], "score" : [ 0.26123215 ], "isDedup" : false }, "addata" : { "date" : [ "2013" ], "format" : [ "book" ], "genre" : [ "book" ], "ristype" : [ "BOOK" ], "btitle" : [ "Test" ] }, "sort" : { "title" : [ "Test" ], "creationdate" : [ "2013" ] }, "facets" : { "frbrtype" : [ "6" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "9032172699834184560" ] } } }, { "context" : "L", "adaptor" : "Local Search Engine", "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/L/9932433810102001", "pnx" : { "display" : { "source" : [ "Alma" ], "type" : [ "book" ], "title" : [ "test." ], "mms" : [ "9932433810102001" ], "version" : [ "1" ] }, "control" : { "sourcerecordid" : [ "9932433810102001" ], "recordid" : [ "alma9932433810102001" ], "sourceid" : "alma", "originalsourceid" : [ "003243381-UUU01" ], "sourcesystem" : [ "OCLC" ], "sourceformat" : [ "MARC21" ], "score" : [ 0.26123215 ], "isDedup" : false }, "addata" : { "oclcid" : [ "3243381" ], "format" : [ "book" ], "genre" : [ "book" ], "ristype" : [ "BOOK" ], "btitle" : [ "test." ] }, "sort" : { "title" : [ "test." ], "creationdate" : [ "p" ] }, "facets" : { "frbrtype" : [ "6" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "9035865298393974961" ] } } }, { "context" : "L", "adaptor" : "Local Search Engine", "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/L/997989040102001", "pnx" : { "display" : { "source" : [ "Alma" ], "type" : [ "journal" ], "language" : [ "eng" ], "title" : [ "Test (London, England : 1756)" ], "format" : [ "35 no. ; 30 cm" ], "identifier" : [ "$$COCLC$$V(OCoLC)07701109" ], "creationdate" : [ "1756-1757" ], "publisher" : [ "London : S. Hooper", "No. 1 (Nov. 6, 1756)-no. 35 (July 9, 1757)." ], "description" : [ "By Henry Fox, Baron Holland, Arthur Murphy and others." ], "mms" : [ "997989040102001" ], "contributor" : [ "Holland, Henry Fox, Baron, 1705-1774.$$QHolland, Henry Fox", "Murphy, Arthur, 1727-1805.$$QMurphy, Arthur" ], "frequency" : [ "Weekly" ], "relation" : [ "$$Cform$$VTest (London, England : 1756)$$QTest", "$$Cmain_series$$VEarly English newspapers$$QEarly English newspapers" ], "unititle" : [ "Test (London, England : 1756)" ], "place" : [ "London :" ], "version" : [ "1" ] }, "control" : { "sourcerecordid" : [ "997989040102001" ], "recordid" : [ "alma997989040102001" ], "sourceid" : "alma", "originalsourceid" : [ "000798904-UUU01" ], "sourcesystem" : [ "OCLC" ], "sourceformat" : [ "MARC21" ], "score" : [ 0.08781885749999999 ], "isDedup" : false }, "addata" : { "originatingSystemIDContributor" : [ "nr92025911", "n50027589" ], "aulast" : [ "Holland", "Murphy" ], "aufirst" : [ "Henry Fox", "Arthur" ], "auinit" : [ "H", "A" ], "addau" : [ "Holland, Henry Fox", "Murphy, Arthur" ], "contributorfull" : [ "$$NHolland, Henry Fox$$LHolland$$FHenry Fox$$Rcontributor", "$$NMurphy, Arthur$$Rcontributor" ], "date" : [ "1756 - 1757", "1756-1757" ], "cop" : [ "London" ], "pub" : [ "S. Hooper" ], "oclcid" : [ "(ocolc)7701109" ], "seriestitle" : [ "Early English newspapers ; reel 214." ], "format" : [ "journal" ], "genre" : [ "journal" ], "ristype" : [ "JOUR" ], "jtitle" : [ "Test (London, England : 1756)" ] }, "sort" : { "title" : [ "Test (London, England : 1756)" ], "author" : [ "Holland, Henry Fox, Baron, 1705-1774." ], "creationdate" : [ "1756" ] }, "facets" : { "frbrtype" : [ "6" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "9081561442281272266" ] } } }, { "context" : "L", "adaptor" : "Local Search Engine", "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/L/9941750399302001", "pnx" : { "display" : { "source" : [ "Alma" ], "type" : [ "book" ], "language" : [ "eng" ], "title" : [ "The test " ], "format" : [ "108 pages ; 21 cm" ], "identifier" : [ "$$CISBN$$V9781250312839 (paperback);$$CISBN$$V1250312833 (paperback);$$COCLC$$V(OCoLC)1082523556;$$COCLC$$V(OCoLC)on1082523556" ], "creationdate" : [ "2019" ], "creator" : [ "Neuvel, Sylvain, 1973- author.$$QNeuvel, Sylvain" ], "publisher" : [ "New York, NY : Tom Doherty Associates" ], "description" : [ "Britain, the not-too-distant future. Idir is sitting the British Citizenship Test. He wants his family to belong. Twenty-five questions to determine their fate. Twenty-five chances to impress. When the test takes an unexpected and tragic turn, Idir is handed the power of life and death. How do you value a life when all you have is multiple choice?" ], "mms" : [ "9941750399302001" ], "edition" : [ "First edition." ], "genre" : [ "Examinations, questions, etc", "Fiction", "Science fiction", "Dystopian fiction" ], "place" : [ "New York, NY :" ], "version" : [ "1" ], "subject" : [ "Citizenship -- Great Britain -- Examinations, questions, etc. -- Fiction$$QCitizenship -- Great Britain -- Examinations, questions, etc. -- Fiction$$QCitizenship -- Great Britain -- Examinations, questions, etc. -- Fiction$$QCitizenship -- Great Britain -- Examinations, questions, etc. -- Fiction -- Examinations, questions, etc. Fiction", "Life and death, Power over -- Fiction$$QLife and death, Power over -- Fiction$$QLife and death, Power over -- Fiction$$QLife and death, Power over -- Fiction -- Fiction", "Great Britain$$QGreat Britain -- Fiction" ] }, "control" : { "sourcerecordid" : [ "9941750399302001" ], "recordid" : [ "alma9941750399302001" ], "sourceid" : "alma", "originalsourceid" : [ "on1082523556" ], "sourcesystem" : [ "OCLC" ], "sourceformat" : [ "MARC21" ], "score" : [ 0.0427572425 ], "isDedup" : false }, "addata" : { "originatingSystemIDAuthor" : [ "n2002032088" ], "originatingSystemIDSubject" : [ "sh2007100257" ], "aulast" : [ "Neuvel" ], "aufirst" : [ "Sylvain" ], "auinit" : [ "S" ], "au" : [ "Neuvel, Sylvain" ], "creatorfull" : [ "$$NNeuvel, Sylvain$$LNeuvel$$FSylvain$$Rauthor" ], "date" : [ "2019" ], "isbn" : [ "9781250312839", "1250312833" ], "abstract" : [ "Britain, the not-too-distant future. Idir is sitting the British Citizenship Test. He wants his family to belong. Twenty-five questions to determine their fate. Twenty-five chances to impress. When the test takes an unexpected and tragic turn, Idir is handed the power of life and death. How do you value a life when all you have is multiple choice?" ], "cop" : [ "New York, NY" ], "pub" : [ "Tom Doherty Associates" ], "oclcid" : [ "(ocolc)1082523556", "(ocolc)on1082523556" ], "edition" : [ "First edition." ], "format" : [ "book" ], "genre" : [ "book" ], "ristype" : [ "BOOK" ], "btitle" : [ "The test" ] }, "sort" : { "title" : [ "test /" ], "author" : [ "Neuvel, Sylvain, 1973- author." ], "creationdate" : [ "2019" ] }, "facets" : { "frbrtype" : [ "6" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "9059798516241416523" ] } } }, { "context" : "L", "adaptor" : "Local Search Engine", "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/L/9941587644802001", "pnx" : { "display" : { "source" : [ "Alma" ], "type" : [ "book" ], "language" : [ "eng" ], "title" : [ "The test " ], "format" : [ "1 online resource (240 pages)" ], "identifier" : [ "$$CISBN$$V1-60917-118-7;$$COCLC$$V(OCoLC)802049105;$$CISBN$$V0-87013-648-8" ], "creationdate" : [ "c2003" ], "creator" : [ "Adams, Walter, 1922-1998.$$QAdams, Walter" ], "publisher" : [ "East Lansing : Michigan State University Press" ], "description" : [ "World renowned economist and president of Michigan State University, Walter Adams first published The Test in 1971, a year after his tenure as university president ended. Adams recounts the tumultuous nine months of his office: as the first university president to follow the legendary John Hannah, Adams inherited the unease and resentments that had been quietly swelling under seemingly calm administrative waters. These resentments, coupled with the increased social awareness generated by sixties activism combined in an explosive protest during the fall of 1969.", "Originally published: New York : Macmillan, 1971." ], "mms" : [ "9941587644802001" ], "edition" : [ "1st ed." ], "contents" : [ "Contents; Foreword; Preface; 1. The Stage is Set; 2. The White Radicals; 3. The Black Militants; 4. The Moderate Majority; 5. The Outside Agitators; 6. The Apostles of Neutrality; 7. The Guardians of Excellence; 8. Holding Things Together" ], "genre" : [ "Biography" ], "place" : [ "East Lansing :" ], "version" : [ "2" ], "subject" : [ "College presidents -- Biography$$QCollege presidents -- Biography$$QCollege presidents -- Biography$$QCollege presidents -- Biography -- Biography", "Michigan State University -- Presidents -- Biography", "Adams, Walter, 1922-1998" ] }, "control" : { "sourcerecordid" : [ "9941587644802001" ], "recordid" : [ "alma9941587644802001" ], "sourceid" : "alma", "originalsourceid" : [ "2550000000104209" ], "sourcesystem" : [ "PQNKB" ], "sourceformat" : [ "MARC21" ], "score" : [ 0.042729102500000005 ], "isDedup" : false }, "addata" : { "originatingSystemIDAuthor" : [ "n50045132" ], "originatingSystemIDSubject" : [ "n79054541", "n50045132" ], "aulast" : [ "Adams" ], "aufirst" : [ "Walter" ], "auinit" : [ "W" ], "au" : [ "Adams, Walter" ], "creatorfull" : [ "$$NAdams, Walter$$LAdams$$FWalter$$Rauthor" ], "date" : [ "2003 - 1971", "c2003" ], "isbn" : [ "1-60917-118-7", "0-87013-648-8" ], "abstract" : [ "World renowned economist and president of Michigan State University, Walter Adams first published The Test in 1971, a year after his tenure as university president ended. Adams recounts the tumultuous nine months of his office: as the first university president to follow the legendary John Hannah, Adams inherited the unease and resentments that had been quietly swelling under seemingly calm administrative waters. These resentments, coupled with the increased social awareness generated by sixties activism combined in an explosive protest during the fall of 1969." ], "cop" : [ "East Lansing" ], "pub" : [ "Michigan State University Press" ], "oclcid" : [ "(ocolc)802049105" ], "edition" : [ "1st ed." ], "seriestitle" : [ "UPCC book collections on Project MUSE" ], "format" : [ "book" ], "genre" : [ "book" ], "ristype" : [ "BOOK" ], "btitle" : [ "The test" ] }, "sort" : { "title" : [ "test /" ], "author" : [ "Adams, Walter, 1922-1998." ], "creationdate" : [ "2003" ] }, "facets" : { "frbrtype" : [ "5" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "9020040513523563038" ] } } }, { "pnx" : { "links" : { "openurl" : [ "$$Topenurl_article" ], "openurlfulltext" : [ "$$Topenurlfull_article" ], "backlink" : [ "$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40835959$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read$$Pomit_proxy_true" ], "thumbnail" : [ "$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl" ], "linktopdf" : [ "$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6.pdf$$EPDF$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read$$Pomit_proxy_true" ], "linktohtml" : [ "$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/3247132845?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=14677$$EHTML$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read$$Pomit_proxy_true" ], "linkunpaywall" : [ "$$Uhttps://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6$$GUnpaywall$$Hfree_for_read" ], "docinsights" : [ "$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/3247132845?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=14677&RAO=true$$EHTML$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read$$Pomit_proxy_true" ], "linktorsrcadditional" : [ "$$Uhttps://doaj.org/article/8348dfb314f84ddf8c956b76dddf9d99$$EView_record_in_Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals$$FView_record_in_$$GDirectory_of_Open_Access_Journals$$Hfree_for_read$$Pomit_proxy_true", "$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/publiccontent/docview/3247132845?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=14677$$EView_record_in_ProQuest$$FView_record_in_$$GProQuest$$Hfree_for_read$$Pomit_proxy_true", "$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6$$EView_record_in_Springer_Nature$$FView_record_in_$$GSpringer_Nature$$Hfree_for_read$$Pomit_proxy_true" ], "openurladditional" : [ "$$Topenurlfull_article" ] }, "search" : { "description" : [ "In an age when machine learning and artificial intelligence are broadly employed, traditional statistics can still provide insightful information and results quickly and at a low computational cost. Statistics, in fact, offers many useful tools to researchers, including a series of univariate statistical tests that can identify relationships between pairs of numeric samples: Student’s\nt\n-test, Mann-Whitney\nU\ntest, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. These tests generate several outcomes, including probability values (\np\n-values) that can express a numerical quantity which accepts or rejects the null hypothesis, based on a certain threshold used. Although effective, these tests are often misused or employed in the wrong contexts, especially among biostatistics studies. Many scientific researchers do not seem to know how to choose one test over the others, and this misuse can lead to incorrect results and wrong conclusions. Here we present a simple theoretical and practical guide to the use of these four tests, first describing their theoretical properties and then displaying the results obtained by applying these tests to real-world medical datasets. Eventually, we explain when and how to use each test based on the data types of the samples considered. Our study can have a strong impact on scientific research by potentially influencing future studies involving these tests. Our recommendations, in turn, can help researchers produce more reliable and sound scientific results, thus increasing the quality of multiple scientific studies across various fields." ], "title" : [ "A simple guide to the use of Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test in biostatistics", "BioData mining" ], "subject" : [ "Algorithms", "Artificial intelligence", "Bioinformatics", "Biometry", "Chi-square test", "Diet", "Gaussian distribution", "Life sciences", "Machine learning", "Methodology", "Statistics", "Streaming technology (Telecommunications)" ], "orcidid" : [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-7142", "https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5896-5697", "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-5728" ], "creator" : [ "Chicco, Davide", "Sichenze, Andrea", "Jurman, Giuseppe" ], "issn" : [ "1756-0381", "1756-0381" ], "fulltext" : [ "true" ], "addtitle" : [ "BioData Mining", "BioData Min" ], "general" : [ "BioMed Central", "Springer Nature B.V", "BMC" ], "startdate" : [ "20250820" ], "enddate" : [ "20250820" ], "recordtype" : [ "article" ], "sourceid" : [ "C6C", "BBNVY", "BENPR", "PIMPY", "DOA" ], "recordid" : [ "eNp9UstuFDEQHCEQCYEf4IAscckBgz329NonFK14RARxgChHyzP27HqZHW9sD1JuiL_glm_Jp_AleHY2kOSQk1vdVeVSdxXFc0peUyrgTaSMcIJJWWFCOFQYHhT7dFYBJkzQhzfqveJJjCtCoCQVe1zscSJYJSu5X_w6QtGtN51Fi8EZi5JHaWnREC3yLfqaBmP79Ofn73h1mXCyMb1Cn3Xf47OlS729uLo8RVN3vnQ4ng86WLPr6N6gT2GI33WHz3TXubgdINej2vmYdHIxuSY-LR61uov22e49KE7fv_s2_4hPvnw4nh-d4KbiLGHZ0tKQWlAQrYDaEKAl4awhoEFTMNJYArVlUpva6tIAk5ZBQ-lMt5WlnB0Ux5Ou8XqlNsGtdbhQXju1bfiwUDpkQ51VgnFh2ppR3gpuTCsaWUE9A5NraaTMWm8nrc1Qr61p8pKC7m6J3p70bqkW_oeiJQMgsyorHO4Ugj8f8l7U2sXGdp3urR-iYiUHTkCK8bOXd6ArP4Q-72pEzSgrBR8FX9y09M_L9a0zQEyAJvgYg21V48Yj-NGh6xQlaoyVmmKlcqzUNlYKMrW8Q71Wv5fEJlLM4H5hw3_b97D-Ao944NE" ], "scope" : [ "C6C", "AAYXX", "CITATION", "NPM", "3V.", "7QO", "7SC", "7X7", "7XB", "8AL", "8C1", "8FD", "8FE", "8FG", "8FH", "8FI", "8FJ", "8FK", "ABUWG", "AEUYN", "AFKRA", "AHNLN", "ARAPS", "AZQEC", "BBNVY", "BENPR", "BGLVJ", "BHPHI", "CCPQU", "COVID", "DWQXO", "FR3", "FYUFA", "GHDGH", "GNUQQ", "HCIFZ", "JQ2", "K7-", "K9.", "L7M", "LK8", "L~C", "L~D", "M0N", "M0S", "M7P", "P5Z", "P62", "P64", "PHGZM", "PHGZT", "PIMPY", "PJZUB", "PKEHL", "PPXIY", "PQEST", "PQGLB", "PQQKQ", "PQUKI", "PRINS", "Q9U", "7X8", "5PM", "DOA" ], "creationdate" : [ "2025" ], "creatorcontrib" : [ "Chicco, Davide", "Sichenze, Andrea", "Jurman, Giuseppe" ], "rsrctype" : [ "article" ] }, "delivery" : { "delcategory" : [ "Remote Search Resource" ], "fulltext" : [ "fulltext_multiple" ] }, "display" : { "description" : [ "In an age when machine learning and artificial intelligence are broadly employed, traditional statistics can still provide insightful information and results quickly and at a low computational cost. Statistics, in fact, offers many useful tools to researchers, including a series of univariate statistical tests that can identify relationships between pairs of numeric samples: Student’s\nt\n-test, Mann-Whitney\nU\ntest, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. These tests generate several outcomes, including probability values (\np\n-values) that can express a numerical quantity which accepts or rejects the null hypothesis, based on a certain threshold used. Although effective, these tests are often misused or employed in the wrong contexts, especially among biostatistics studies. Many scientific researchers do not seem to know how to choose one test over the others, and this misuse can lead to incorrect results and wrong conclusions. Here we present a simple theoretical and practical guide to the use of these four tests, first describing their theoretical properties and then displaying the results obtained by applying these tests to real-world medical datasets. Eventually, we explain when and how to use each test based on the data types of the samples considered. Our study can have a strong impact on scientific research by potentially influencing future studies involving these tests. Our recommendations, in turn, can help researchers produce more reliable and sound scientific results, thus increasing the quality of multiple scientific studies across various fields." ], "title" : [ "A simple guide to the use of Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test in biostatistics" ], "creator" : [ "Chicco, Davide ; Sichenze, Andrea ; Jurman, Giuseppe" ], "language" : [ "eng" ], "type" : [ "article" ], "source" : [ "Gale Academic OneFile", "Biological Science Collection", "Gale OneFile: Health and Medicine", "DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals", "Gale In Context: Science", "ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources (ISSN International Center)", "Springer Nature OA Free Journals", "EBSCOhost Academic Search Ultimate", "Publicly Available Content Database", "EZB Journals (Free)", "ProQuest Central" ], "publisher" : [ "London: BioMed Central" ], "ispartof" : [ "BioData mining, 2025-08, Vol.18 (1), p.56-51, Article 56" ], "identifier" : [ "ISSN: 1756-0381", "EISSN: 1756-0381", "DOI: 10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6", "PMID: 40835959" ], "rights" : [ "The Author(s) 2025", "2025. The Author(s).", "2025. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.", "The Author(s) 2025 2025" ], "snippet" : [ ".... Statistics, in fact, offers many useful tools to researchers, including a series of univariate statistical tests that can identify relationships between pairs of numeric samples..." ], "lds50" : [ "peer_reviewed" ], "oa" : [ "free_for_read" ], "subject" : [ "Algorithms ; Artificial intelligence ; Bioinformatics ; Biometry ; Chi-square test ; Diet ; Gaussian distribution ; Life sciences ; Machine learning ; Methodology ; Statistics ; Streaming technology (Telecommunications)" ], "keyword" : [ "Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Chi-squared test ; Computational Biology/Bioinformatics ; Computer Appl. in Life Sciences ; Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery ; Expected values ; Independent sample ; Kruskal-Wallis test ; Mann-Whitney U test ; Statistical significance ; Statistical tests ; Student’s t-test ; Subscriptions ; Variables" ] }, "addata" : { "format" : [ "journal" ], "orcidid" : [ "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-7142", "https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5896-5697", "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-5728" ], "issn" : [ "1756-0381" ], "addtitle" : [ "BioData Min" ], "abstract" : [ "In an age when machine learning and artificial intelligence are broadly employed, traditional statistics can still provide insightful information and results quickly and at a low computational cost. Statistics, in fact, offers many useful tools to researchers, including a series of univariate statistical tests that can identify relationships between pairs of numeric samples: Student’s\nt\n-test, Mann-Whitney\nU\ntest, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. These tests generate several outcomes, including probability values (\np\n-values) that can express a numerical quantity which accepts or rejects the null hypothesis, based on a certain threshold used. Although effective, these tests are often misused or employed in the wrong contexts, especially among biostatistics studies. Many scientific researchers do not seem to know how to choose one test over the others, and this misuse can lead to incorrect results and wrong conclusions. Here we present a simple theoretical and practical guide to the use of these four tests, first describing their theoretical properties and then displaying the results obtained by applying these tests to real-world medical datasets. Eventually, we explain when and how to use each test based on the data types of the samples considered. Our study can have a strong impact on scientific research by potentially influencing future studies involving these tests. Our recommendations, in turn, can help researchers produce more reliable and sound scientific results, thus increasing the quality of multiple scientific studies across various fields." ], "jtitle" : [ "BioData mining" ], "genre" : [ "article" ], "au" : [ "Chicco, Davide", "Sichenze, Andrea", "Jurman, Giuseppe" ], "atitle" : [ "A simple guide to the use of Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test in biostatistics" ], "stitle" : [ "BioData Mining" ], "date" : [ "2025-08-20" ], "risdate" : [ "2025" ], "volume" : [ "18" ], "issue" : [ "1" ], "spage" : [ "56" ], "epage" : [ "51" ], "pages" : [ "56-51" ], "artnum" : [ "56" ], "eissn" : [ "1756-0381" ], "ristype" : [ "JOUR" ], "cop" : [ "London" ], "pub" : [ "BioMed Central" ], "doi" : [ "10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6" ], "pmid" : [ "40835959" ], "oa" : [ "free_for_read" ], "tpages" : [ "51" ] }, "facets" : { "language" : [ "eng" ], "creationdate" : [ "2025" ], "creatorcontrib" : [ "Chicco, Davide", "Sichenze, Andrea", "Jurman, Giuseppe" ], "topic" : [ "Algorithms", "Artificial intelligence", "Bioinformatics", "Biometry", "Chi-square test", "Diet", "Gaussian distribution", "Life sciences", "Machine learning", "Methodology", "Statistics", "Streaming technology (Telecommunications)" ], "prefilter" : [ "articles" ], "rsrctype" : [ "articles" ], "collection" : [ "Springer Nature OA Free Journals", "CrossRef", "PubMed", "ProQuest Central (Corporate)", "Biotechnology Research Abstracts", "Computer and Information Systems Abstracts", "Health & Medical Collection", "ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)", "Computing Database (Alumni Edition)", "Public Health Database", "Technology Research Database", "ProQuest SciTech Collection", "ProQuest Technology Collection", "ProQuest Natural Science Journals", "ProQuest Hospital Collection", "Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)", "ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)", "ProQuest Central (Alumni)", "ProQuest One Sustainability", "ProQuest Central UK/Ireland", "ProQuest Central Premium Korea", "Advanced Technologies & Computer Science Collection", "ProQuest Central Essentials", "Biological Science Collection", "ProQuest Central", "Technology Collection", "Natural Science Collection", "ProQuest One Community College", "Coronavirus Research Database", "ProQuest Central", "Engineering Research Database", "Health Research Premium Collection", "Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)", "ProQuest Central Student", "SciTech Premium Collection", "ProQuest Computer Science Collection", "Computer Science Database", "ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)", "Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace", "ProQuest Biological Science Collection", "Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic", "Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional", "Computing Database", "ProQuest Health & Medical Collection", "Biological Science Database", "Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database", "ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection", "Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts", "ProQuest Central Premium", "Proquest One Academic", "Publicly Available Content Database", "ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection", "ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)", "ProQuest One Health & Nursing", "ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)", "ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences", "ProQuest One Academic (retired)", "ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition", "ProQuest Central China", "ProQuest Central Basic", "MEDLINE - Academic", "PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)", "DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals" ], "toplevel" : [ "peer_reviewed", "online_resources" ], "frbrgroupid" : [ "cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c543t-9f12d0b8168f86bd0612043c06a6a16d9de06be39adbea2d639e36c117af5e143" ], "frbrtype" : [ "5" ], "jtitle" : [ "BioData mining" ] }, "sort" : { "author" : [ "Chicco, Davide ; Sichenze, Andrea ; Jurman, Giuseppe" ], "title" : [ "A simple guide to the use of Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test in biostatistics" ], "creationdate" : [ "20250820" ] }, "control" : { "recordtype" : [ "article" ], "sourceid" : [ "proquest_doaj_" ], "recordid" : [ "cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_8348dfb314f84ddf8c956b76dddf9d99" ], "addsrcrecordid" : [ "eNp9UstuFDEQHCEQCYEf4IAscckBgz329NonFK14RARxgChHyzP27HqZHW9sD1JuiL_glm_Jp_AleHY2kOSQk1vdVeVSdxXFc0peUyrgTaSMcIJJWWFCOFQYHhT7dFYBJkzQhzfqveJJjCtCoCQVe1zscSJYJSu5X_w6QtGtN51Fi8EZi5JHaWnREC3yLfqaBmP79Ofn73h1mXCyMb1Cn3Xf47OlS729uLo8RVN3vnQ4ng86WLPr6N6gT2GI33WHz3TXubgdINej2vmYdHIxuSY-LR61uov22e49KE7fv_s2_4hPvnw4nh-d4KbiLGHZ0tKQWlAQrYDaEKAl4awhoEFTMNJYArVlUpva6tIAk5ZBQ-lMt5WlnB0Ux5Ou8XqlNsGtdbhQXju1bfiwUDpkQ51VgnFh2ppR3gpuTCsaWUE9A5NraaTMWm8nrc1Qr61p8pKC7m6J3p70bqkW_oeiJQMgsyorHO4Ugj8f8l7U2sXGdp3urR-iYiUHTkCK8bOXd6ArP4Q-72pEzSgrBR8FX9y09M_L9a0zQEyAJvgYg21V48Yj-NGh6xQlaoyVmmKlcqzUNlYKMrW8Q71Wv5fEJlLM4H5hw3_b97D-Ao944NE" ], "sourcerecordid" : [ "3247132845" ], "originalsourceid" : [ "FETCH-LOGICAL-c543t-9f12d0b8168f86bd0612043c06a6a16d9de06be39adbea2d639e36c117af5e143" ], "sourcetype" : [ "Open Website" ], "sourceformat" : [ "XML" ], "sourcesystem" : [ "Other" ], "pqid" : [ "3247132845" ], "iscdi" : [ "true" ], "doajid" : [ "oai_doaj_org_article_8348dfb314f84ddf8c956b76dddf9d99" ], "pmcid" : [ "PMC12366075" ], "score" : [ "0.007643725" ] } }, "delivery" : { "link" : [ ], "deliveryCategory" : [ "Remote Search Resource" ], "availability" : [ "fulltext_multiple" ], "displayLocation" : false, "additionalLocations" : false, "physicalItemTextCodes" : "", "feDisplayOtherLocations" : false, "displayedAvailability" : "true", "holding" : [ ], "almaOpenurl" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/uresolver/01UTAH_INST/openurl?ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_id=10_1&ctx_tim=2026-09-22 11:50:04&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com-proquest_doaj_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+simple+guide+to+the+use+of+Student%E2%80%99s%C2%A0t-test%2C+Mann-Whitney%C2%A0U+test%2C+Chi-squared+test%2C+and+Kruskal-Wallis+test+in+biostatistics&rft.jtitle=BioData+mining&rft.au=Chicco%2C+Davide&rft.date=2025-08-20&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=56&rft.epage=51&rft.pages=56-51&rft.artnum=56&rft.issn=1756-0381&rft.eissn=1756-0381&rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fs13040-025-00465-6&rft.pub=BioMed+Central&rft.place=London&rft.stitle=BioData+Mining&rft_id=info:pmid/40835959&rft_dat=3247132845&svc_dat=viewit&rft_pqid=3247132845&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_8348dfb314f84ddf8c956b76dddf9d99" }, "context" : "PC", "adaptor" : "Primo Central", "extras" : { "citationTrails" : { "citing" : [ "FETCH-LOGICAL-c543t-9f12d0b8168f86bd0612043c06a6a16d9de06be39adbea2d639e36c117af5e143" ], "citedby" : [ "FETCH-LOGICAL-c543t-9f12d0b8168f86bd0612043c06a6a16d9de06be39adbea2d639e36c117af5e143" ] }, "timesCited" : { } }, "@id" : "https://na02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/primaws/rest/pub/pnxs/PC/cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_8348dfb314f84ddf8c956b76dddf9d99" } ], "timelog" : { "PC_SEARCH_CALL_TIME" : "1307", "PC_BUILD_JSON_AND_HIGLIGHTS" : "117", "PC_SEARCH_TIME_TOTAL" : "1424", "BUILD_RESULTS_RETRIVE_FROM_DB" : "33", "CALL_SOLR_GET_IDS_LIST" : "809", "RETRIVE_FROM_DB_COURSE_INFO" : "3", "RETRIVE_FROM_DB_RECORDS" : "23", "RETRIVE_FROM_DB_RELATIONS" : "2", "PRIMA_LOCAL_INFO_FACETS_BUILD_DOCS_HIGHLIGHTS" : "125", "PRIMA_LOCAL_SEARCH_TOTAL" : "975", "BUILD_BLEND_AND_CACHE_RESULTS" : 0, "BUILD_COMBINED_RESULTS_MAP" : 1426, "COMBINED_SEARCH_TIME" : 1440, "PROCESS_COMBINED_RESULTS" : 0, "FEATURED_SEARCH_TIME" : 1 } }